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Description of Statistical Computation

Author's title

Author*The author of this computation has been verified*
R Software Modulerwasp_chi_squared_tests.wasp
Title produced by softwareChi-Squared and McNemar Tests
Date of computationWed, 10 Nov 2010 15:48:33 +0000
Cite this page as followsStatistical Computations at FreeStatistics.org, Office for Research Development and Education, URL https://freestatistics.org/blog/index.php?v=date/2010/Nov/10/t1289404055k3e03syoka70hro.htm/, Retrieved Mon, 29 Apr 2024 11:04:54 +0000
Statistical Computations at FreeStatistics.org, Office for Research Development and Education, URL https://freestatistics.org/blog/index.php?pk=93087, Retrieved Mon, 29 Apr 2024 11:04:54 +0000
QR Codes:

Original text written by user:
IsPrivate?No (this computation is public)
User-defined keywords
Estimated Impact236

Tree of Dependent Computations

Family? (F = Feedback message, R = changed R code, M = changed R Module, P = changed Parameters, D = changed Data)
-     [ECEL 2008] [ECEL2008 hypothes...] [2008-06-14 21:17:24] [74be16979710d4c4e7c6647856088456]
- RMPD  [Chi-Squared and McNemar Tests] [Chi squared 1] [2010-11-05 22:27:37] [97ad38b1c3b35a5feca8b85f7bc7b3ff]
F R PD      [Chi-Squared and McNemar Tests] [happiness versus ...] [2010-11-10 15:48:33] [dc77c696707133dea0955379c56a2acd] [Current]
Feedback Forum
2010-11-23 10:50:04 [411b43619fc9db329bbcdbf7261c55fb] [reply] 
De student heeft hier de correcte berekening gemaakt. Hij merkt terecht op dat er een verband bestaat tussen happiness en separate. Dit is logisch aangezien de p-waarde hier 2% bedraagt (deze is lager dan de type 1 fout (5%) die de student stelt). Wel is het verschil hier niet significant (dit zien we duidelijk op de grafiek), want er is geen balkje dat gekleurd (rood of blauw) is. Verder zien we deze blokjes op de hoofddiagonaal (van linksboven naar rechtsonder) boven de stippellijn liggen (de reële frequentie ligt hoger dan de verwachte frequentie) liggen. Dit wijst bijgevolg op een positief verband.

De student had dezelfde berekening ook kunnen doen met de verfijnde oplossing. Daarom geef ik de student mijn berekeningen mee, om te kunnen vergelijken. (bekijk http://www.freestatistics.org/blog/index.php?v=date/2010/Nov/20/t1290249701wxdndkd58pu5t4s.htm/ voor A/B/C/D) Hier zien we dat de cell count te laag is (sommige waarden lager dan 5), daarom gebruiken we de “Exact Pearson Chi-squared by simulation”. Deze berekening kan je op dezelfde wijze interpreteren als de groffe oplossing (HI/LO). Wel even opmerken dat als we deze berekening bekijken, dat we nog kunnen twijfelen over het feit of er een verband bestaat. Door de groffe oplossing te gebruiken, werd het duidelijk dat er een verband was.

De conclusie hier is dus dat seperate learners happier zijn. Maar deze berekening zegt niets over oorzaak en gevolg. Bij deze beoordeling hangt er niet vanaf of je de Chi-squared test gebruikt, maar wel hoe je de gegevens bekomen bent. Het gaat hier over een experiment, niet gerandomiseerd, … We kunnen dus eigenlijk niet zeggen dat seperate learning u een gelukkig gevoel geeft.

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Dataset

Dataseries X:
Download CSV
Histogram
Boxplots 
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'LO'	'HI'	'LO'
'LO'	'HI'	'LO'	'HI'
'LO'	'LO'	'LO'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'LO'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'LO'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'LO'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'LO'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'LO'	'HI'	'LO'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'LO'
'HI'	'HI'	'LO'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'LO'	'HI'	'HI'	'LO'
'LO'	'LO'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'LO'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'LO'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'LO'
'LO'	'LO'	'HI'	'HI'
'LO'	'LO'	'HI'	'LO'
'LO'	'LO'	'LO'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'LO'	'HI'
'HI'	'LO'	'HI'	'LO'
'HI'	'LO'	'LO'	'LO'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'LO'
'LO'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'LO'	'LO'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'LO'	'LO'	'HI'
'LO'	'LO'	'HI'	'LO'
'LO'	'LO'	'LO'	'HI'
'HI'	'LO'	'HI'	'LO'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'LO'
'HI'	'LO'	'HI'	'HI'
'LO'	'LO'	'HI'	'LO'
'LO'	'LO'	'LO'	'HI'
'HI'	'LO'	'HI'	'HI'
'LO'	'LO'	'HI'	'LO'
'HI'	'LO'	'LO'	'LO'
'HI'	'LO'	'HI'	'LO'
'HI'	'LO'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'LO'	'HI'	'LO'
'HI'	'LO'	'LO'	'HI'
'HI'	'LO'	'LO'	'LO'
'HI'	'HI'	'LO'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'LO'
'LO'	'HI'	'HI'	'LO'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'LO'	'LO'	'LO'
'LO'	'HI'	'HI'	'LO'
'LO'	'LO'	'HI'	'HI'
'LO'	'LO'	'LO'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'LO'	'HI'
'LO'	'LO'	'LO'	'LO'
'HI'	'LO'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'LO'	'HI'	'HI'	'LO'
'HI'	'HI'	'LO'	'LO'
'HI'	'HI'	'LO'	'HI'
'LO'	'LO'	'LO'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'LO'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'LO'	'HI'
'LO'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'LO'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'LO'	'LO'
'HI'	'HI'	'LO'	'HI'
'LO'	'LO'	'LO'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'LO'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'LO'
'HI'	'LO'	'LO'	'LO'
'HI'	'LO'	'LO'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'LO'	'LO'	'HI'
'LO'	'LO'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'LO'	'LO'	'LO'
'LO'	'HI'	'HI'	'LO'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'LO'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'LO'
'HI'	'LO'	'HI'	'HI'
'LO'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'LO'	'LO'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'LO'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'LO'	'LO'	'LO'	'HI'
'LO'	'LO'	'LO'	'HI'
'LO'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'LO'	'LO'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'LO'	'LO'	'HI'	'HI'
'LO'	'LO'	'LO'	'LO'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'LO'
'HI'	'HI'	'LO'	'HI'
'HI'	'LO'	'HI'	'LO'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'LO'
'LO'	'HI'	'HI'	'LO'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'LO'
'HI'	'HI'	'LO'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'LO'	'LO'	'LO'	'LO'
'LO'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'LO'	'LO'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'LO'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'LO'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'LO'	'HI'
'LO'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'LO'	'LO'	'LO'	'HI'
'LO'	'HI'	'LO'	'LO'
'LO'	'LO'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'LO'	'HI'	'LO'
'LO'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'LO'	'HI'	'HI'	'LO'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'LO'	'HI'	'LO'	'HI'
'LO'	'LO'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'LO'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'LO'
'LO'	'LO'	'HI'	'LO'
'LO'	'LO'	'LO'	'LO'
'HI'	'LO'	'HI'	'LO'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'LO'
'LO'	'HI'	'HI'	'LO'
'HI'	'LO'	'HI'	'HI'
'LO'	'LO'	'LO'	'LO'
'LO'	'LO'	'LO'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'LO'
'LO'	'LO'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'LO'	'LO'	'HI'	'HI'
'LO'	'LO'	'LO'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'LO'	'HI'	'LO'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'LO'
'LO'	'HI'	'LO'	'HI'
'LO'	'HI'	'HI'	'LO'
'LO'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'LO'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'LO'	'LO'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'LO'	'HI'	'LO'
'LO'	'LO'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'LO'	'HI'
'LO'	'LO'	'LO'	'LO'
'HI'	'LO'	'LO'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'LO'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'HI'	'LO'
'HI'	'HI'	'LO'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'LO'	'HI'
'LO'	'LO'	'LO'	'HI'
'HI'	'LO'	'LO'	'HI'
'LO'	'HI'	'HI'	'HI'
'LO'	'HI'	'HI'	'LO'
'HI'	'LO'	'LO'	'LO'
'LO'	'HI'	'LO'	'HI'
'HI'	'HI'	'LO'	'HI'

Tables (Output of Computation)





Summary of computational transaction
Raw Inputview raw input (R code)
Raw Outputview raw output of R engine
Computing time3 seconds
R Server'Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher' @ 193.190.124.24

\begin{tabular}{lllllllll}
\hline
Summary of computational transaction \tabularnewline
Raw Input & view raw input (R code)  \tabularnewline
Raw Output & view raw output of R engine  \tabularnewline
Computing time & 3 seconds \tabularnewline
R Server & 'Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher' @ 193.190.124.24 \tabularnewline
\hline
\end{tabular}
%Source: https://freestatistics.org/blog/index.php?pk=93087&T=0

[TABLE]
[ROW][C]Summary of computational transaction[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]Raw Input[/C][C]view raw input (R code) [/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]Raw Output[/C][C]view raw output of R engine [/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]Computing time[/C][C]3 seconds[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]R Server[/C][C]'Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher' @ 193.190.124.24[/C][/ROW]
[/TABLE]
Source: https://freestatistics.org/blog/index.php?pk=93087&T=0

Globally Unique Identifier (entire table): ba.freestatistics.org/blog/index.php?pk=93087&T=0

As an alternative you can also use a QR Code:  
QR Code


The GUIDs for individual cells are displayed in the table below:

Summary of computational transaction
Raw Inputview raw input (R code)
Raw Outputview raw output of R engine
Computing time3 seconds
R Server'Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher' @ 193.190.124.24






Tabulation of Results
seperate x hapiness
HILO
HI6525
LO3834

\begin{tabular}{lllllllll}
\hline
Tabulation of Results \tabularnewline
seperate  x  hapiness \tabularnewline
  & HI & LO \tabularnewline
HI & 65 & 25 \tabularnewline
LO & 38 & 34 \tabularnewline
\hline
\end{tabular}
%Source: https://freestatistics.org/blog/index.php?pk=93087&T=1

[TABLE]
[ROW][C]Tabulation of Results[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]seperate  x  hapiness[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C] [/C][C]HI[/C][C]LO[/C][/ROW]
[C]HI[/C][C]65[/C][C]25[/C][/ROW]
[C]LO[/C][C]38[/C][C]34[/C][/ROW]
[/TABLE]
Source: https://freestatistics.org/blog/index.php?pk=93087&T=1

Globally Unique Identifier (entire table): ba.freestatistics.org/blog/index.php?pk=93087&T=1

As an alternative you can also use a QR Code:  
QR Code


The GUIDs for individual cells are displayed in the table below:

Tabulation of Results
seperate x hapiness
HILO
HI6525
LO3834






Tabulation of Expected Results
seperate x hapiness
HILO
HI57.2232.78
LO45.7826.22

\begin{tabular}{lllllllll}
\hline
Tabulation of Expected Results \tabularnewline
seperate  x  hapiness \tabularnewline
  & HI & LO \tabularnewline
HI & 57.22 & 32.78 \tabularnewline
LO & 45.78 & 26.22 \tabularnewline
\hline
\end{tabular}
%Source: https://freestatistics.org/blog/index.php?pk=93087&T=2

[TABLE]
[ROW][C]Tabulation of Expected Results[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]seperate  x  hapiness[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C] [/C][C]HI[/C][C]LO[/C][/ROW]
[C]HI[/C][C]57.22[/C][C]32.78[/C][/ROW]
[C]LO[/C][C]45.78[/C][C]26.22[/C][/ROW]
[/TABLE]
Source: https://freestatistics.org/blog/index.php?pk=93087&T=2

Globally Unique Identifier (entire table): ba.freestatistics.org/blog/index.php?pk=93087&T=2

As an alternative you can also use a QR Code:  
QR Code


The GUIDs for individual cells are displayed in the table below:

Tabulation of Expected Results
seperate x hapiness
HILO
HI57.2232.78
LO45.7826.22






Statistical Results
Pearson's Chi-squared test with Yates' continuity correction
Chi Square Statistic5.72
Degrees of Freedom1
P value0.02

\begin{tabular}{lllllllll}
\hline
Statistical Results \tabularnewline
Pearson's Chi-squared test with Yates' continuity correction \tabularnewline
Chi Square Statistic & 5.72 \tabularnewline
Degrees of Freedom & 1 \tabularnewline
P value & 0.02 \tabularnewline
\hline
\end{tabular}
%Source: https://freestatistics.org/blog/index.php?pk=93087&T=3

[TABLE]
[ROW][C]Statistical Results[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]Pearson's Chi-squared test with Yates' continuity correction[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]Chi Square Statistic[/C][C]5.72[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]Degrees of Freedom[/C][C]1[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]P value[/C][C]0.02[/C][/ROW]
[/TABLE]
Source: https://freestatistics.org/blog/index.php?pk=93087&T=3

Globally Unique Identifier (entire table): ba.freestatistics.org/blog/index.php?pk=93087&T=3

As an alternative you can also use a QR Code:  
QR Code


The GUIDs for individual cells are displayed in the table below:

Statistical Results
Pearson's Chi-squared test with Yates' continuity correction
Chi Square Statistic5.72
Degrees of Freedom1
P value0.02


Figures (Output of Computation)

Input Parameters & R Code

Parameters (Session):
par1 = 2 ; par2 = 3 ; par3 = Pearson Chi-Squared ;
Parameters (R input):
par1 = 2 ; par2 = 3 ; par3 = Pearson Chi-Squared ;
R code (references can be found in the software module):
library(vcd)
cat1 <- as.numeric(par1) #
cat2<- as.numeric(par2) #
simulate.p.value=FALSE
if (par3 == 'Exact Pearson Chi-Squared by Simulation') simulate.p.value=TRUE
x <- t(x)
(z <- array(unlist(x),dim=c(length(x[,1]),length(x[1,]))))
(table1 <- table(z[,cat1],z[,cat2]))
(V1<-dimnames(y)[[1]][cat1])
(V2<-dimnames(y)[[1]][cat2])
bitmap(file='pic1.png')
assoc(ftable(z[,cat1],z[,cat2],row.vars=1,dnn=c(V1,V2)),shade=T)
dev.off()
load(file='createtable')
a<-table.start()
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,'Tabulation of Results',ncol(table1)+1,TRUE)
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,paste(V1,' x ', V2),ncol(table1)+1,TRUE)
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a, ' ', 1,TRUE)
for(nc in 1:ncol(table1)){
a<-table.element(a, colnames(table1)[nc], 1, TRUE)
}
a<-table.row.end(a)
for(nr in 1:nrow(table1) ){
a<-table.element(a, rownames(table1)[nr], 1, TRUE)
for(nc in 1:ncol(table1) ){
a<-table.element(a, table1[nr, nc], 1, FALSE)
}
a<-table.row.end(a)
}
a<-table.end(a)
table.save(a,file='mytable.tab')
(cst<-chisq.test(table1, simulate.p.value=simulate.p.value) )
if (par3 == 'McNemar Chi-Squared') {
(cst <- mcnemar.test(table1))
}
if (par3 != 'McNemar Chi-Squared') {
a<-table.start()
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,'Tabulation of Expected Results',ncol(table1)+1,TRUE)
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,paste(V1,' x ', V2),ncol(table1)+1,TRUE)
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a, ' ', 1,TRUE)
for(nc in 1:ncol(table1)){
a<-table.element(a, colnames(table1)[nc], 1, TRUE)
}
a<-table.row.end(a)
for(nr in 1:nrow(table1) ){
a<-table.element(a, rownames(table1)[nr], 1, TRUE)
for(nc in 1:ncol(table1) ){
a<-table.element(a, round(cst$expected[nr, nc], digits=2), 1, FALSE)
}
a<-table.row.end(a)
}
a<-table.end(a)
table.save(a,file='mytable1.tab')
}
a<-table.start()
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,'Statistical Results',2,TRUE)
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a, cst$method, 2,TRUE)
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a, 'Chi Square Statistic', 1, TRUE)
a<-table.element(a, round(cst$statistic, digits=2), 1,FALSE)
a<-table.row.end(a)
if(!simulate.p.value){
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a, 'Degrees of Freedom', 1, TRUE)
a<-table.element(a, cst$parameter, 1,FALSE)
a<-table.row.end(a)
}
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a, 'P value', 1, TRUE)
a<-table.element(a, round(cst$p.value, digits=2), 1,FALSE)
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.end(a)
table.save(a,file='mytable2.tab')