Home » date » 2009 » May » 07 »

Central Tendency - Gemiddelde prijs Strip - Dellaert Kenny

*Unverified author*
R Software Module: rwasp_centraltendency.wasp (opens new window with default values)
Title produced by software: Central Tendency
Date of computation: Thu, 07 May 2009 08:13:01 -0600
 
Cite this page as follows:
Statistical Computations at FreeStatistics.org, Office for Research Development and Education, URL http://www.freestatistics.org/blog/date/2009/May/07/t1241705919mu74d7qu3xg0sxi.htm/, Retrieved Thu, 07 May 2009 16:18:41 +0200
 
BibTeX entries for LaTeX users:
@Manual{KEY,
    author = {{YOUR NAME}},
    publisher = {Office for Research Development and Education},
    title = {Statistical Computations at FreeStatistics.org, URL http://www.freestatistics.org/blog/date/2009/May/07/t1241705919mu74d7qu3xg0sxi.htm/},
    year = {2009},
}
@Manual{R,
    title = {R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing},
    author = {{R Development Core Team}},
    organization = {R Foundation for Statistical Computing},
    address = {Vienna, Austria},
    year = {2009},
    note = {{ISBN} 3-900051-07-0},
    url = {http://www.R-project.org},
}
 
Original text written by user:
 
IsPrivate?
No (this computation is public)
 
User-defined keywords:
 
Dataseries X:
» Textbox « » Textfile « » CSV «
5,11 5,11 5,11 5,1 5,1 5,1 5,1 5,1 5,12 5,25 5,26 5,26 5,26 5,26 5,26 5,26 5,29 5,3 5,33 5,33 5,35 5,38 5,38 5,38 5,38 5,38 5,39 5,39 5,4 5,4 5,4 5,4 5,4 5,41 5,41 5,41 5,41 5,41 5,42 5,42 5,42 5,42 5,43 5,43 5,45 5,51 5,51 5,51 5,51 5,51 5,51 5,53 5,53 5,53 5,53 5,52 5,53 5,54 5,54 5,57 5,56 5,57 5,58 5,61 5,66 5,68 5,69 5,7 5,72 5,71 5,69 5,7 5,7
 
Output produced by software:


Summary of computational transaction
Raw Inputview raw input (R code)
Raw Outputview raw output of R engine
Computing time1 seconds
R Server'George Udny Yule' @ 72.249.76.132


Central Tendency - Ungrouped Data
MeasureValueS.E.Value/S.E.
Arithmetic Mean5.418219178082190.0199546121837308271.527160146952
Geometric Mean5.41555835197629
Harmonic Mean5.41288232219603
Quadratic Mean5.42086418324151
Winsorized Mean ( 1 / 24 )5.418082191780820.0199262887613157271.906236865307
Winsorized Mean ( 2 / 24 )5.417808219178080.0198713964361343272.643557617636
Winsorized Mean ( 3 / 24 )5.417808219178080.0198713964361343272.643557617636
Winsorized Mean ( 4 / 24 )5.417808219178080.0198713964361343272.643557617636
Winsorized Mean ( 5 / 24 )5.417808219178080.0195869122109576276.603487105394
Winsorized Mean ( 6 / 24 )5.417808219178080.0195869122109576276.603487105394
Winsorized Mean ( 7 / 24 )5.416849315068490.0194040557282113279.160676043257
Winsorized Mean ( 8 / 24 )5.415753424657530.0187589834473486288.701860623636
Winsorized Mean ( 9 / 24 )5.425616438356160.0145008086445510374.159577672584
Winsorized Mean ( 10 / 24 )5.422876712328770.0135772207330195399.409924826547
Winsorized Mean ( 11 / 24 )5.42136986301370.0133394892588492406.41510014465
Winsorized Mean ( 12 / 24 )5.42136986301370.0133394892588492406.41510014465
Winsorized Mean ( 13 / 24 )5.419589041095890.0130687771396985414.697487237195
Winsorized Mean ( 14 / 24 )5.415753424657530.0125177466233282432.646033477358
Winsorized Mean ( 15 / 24 )5.415753424657530.0125177466233282432.646033477358
Winsorized Mean ( 16 / 24 )5.420136986301370.0111111945118948487.808667240859
Winsorized Mean ( 17 / 24 )5.422465753424660.0107372465531577505.014551596563
Winsorized Mean ( 18 / 24 )5.429863013698630.00961490857580248564.733712327103
Winsorized Mean ( 19 / 24 )5.429863013698630.00961490857580248564.733712327102
Winsorized Mean ( 20 / 24 )5.435342465753430.0088516485229935614.048609322241
Winsorized Mean ( 21 / 24 )5.441095890410960.00733925052845777741.36941766918
Winsorized Mean ( 22 / 24 )5.438082191780820.00689577091805431788.611201909708
Winsorized Mean ( 23 / 24 )5.438082191780820.00689577091805431788.611201909708
Winsorized Mean ( 24 / 24 )5.438082191780820.00689577091805431788.611201909708
Trimmed Mean ( 1 / 24 )5.418450704225350.0195550586140094277.086906829496
Trimmed Mean ( 2 / 24 )5.418840579710150.0191134900026214283.508693544033
Trimmed Mean ( 3 / 24 )5.419402985074630.0186215135998084291.029134448576
Trimmed Mean ( 4 / 24 )5.420.0180317561754043300.580816825429
Trimmed Mean ( 5 / 24 )5.420634920634920.0173203203780002312.963894566295
Trimmed Mean ( 6 / 24 )5.421311475409840.0165517493005747327.537070370055
Trimmed Mean ( 7 / 24 )5.422033898305080.0156072853498499347.40403451118
Trimmed Mean ( 8 / 24 )5.422982456140350.014483516065223374.424444431812
Trimmed Mean ( 9 / 24 )5.424181818181820.0132514935543230409.326073015544
Trimmed Mean ( 10 / 24 )5.423962264150940.0128724332277100421.362625713607
Trimmed Mean ( 11 / 24 )5.424117647058820.0126092915339171430.168311397098
Trimmed Mean ( 12 / 24 )5.424489795918370.0123237962683346440.163864916878
Trimmed Mean ( 13 / 24 )5.424893617021280.0119545560287741453.792981016089
Trimmed Mean ( 14 / 24 )5.425555555555560.0115363087577044470.302561201144
Trimmed Mean ( 15 / 24 )5.426744186046510.0111106432378936488.427543739161
Trimmed Mean ( 16 / 24 )5.42804878048780.0105415525780362514.919291091652
Trimmed Mean ( 17 / 24 )5.428974358974360.0101526465028314534.734894735115
Trimmed Mean ( 18 / 24 )5.429729729729730.0097220106183565558.498642192146
Trimmed Mean ( 19 / 24 )5.429714285714290.00943340848677037575.58350126882
Trimmed Mean ( 20 / 24 )5.429696969696970.00901897041599286602.030688566045
Trimmed Mean ( 21 / 24 )5.429032258064520.00864291416791286628.148348183301
Trimmed Mean ( 22 / 24 )5.427586206896550.00850463757019906638.191358784677
Trimmed Mean ( 23 / 24 )5.42629629629630.00840817923838956645.359255844742
Trimmed Mean ( 24 / 24 )5.42480.00820812605491248660.9060294284
Median5.41
Midrange5.41
Midmean - Weighted Average at Xnp5.4348717948718
Midmean - Weighted Average at X(n+1)p5.4348717948718
Midmean - Empirical Distribution Function5.4348717948718
Midmean - Empirical Distribution Function - Averaging5.4348717948718
Midmean - Empirical Distribution Function - Interpolation5.4348717948718
Midmean - Closest Observation5.4315
Midmean - True Basic - Statistics Graphics Toolkit5.4348717948718
Midmean - MS Excel (old versions)5.4348717948718
Number of observations73
 
Charts produced by software:
http://127.0.0.1/wessadotnet/public_html/freestatisticsdotorg/blog/date/2009/May/07/t1241705919mu74d7qu3xg0sxi/1y1h61241705579.png (open in new window)
http://127.0.0.1/wessadotnet/public_html/freestatisticsdotorg/blog/date/2009/May/07/t1241705919mu74d7qu3xg0sxi/1y1h61241705579.ps (open in new window)


http://127.0.0.1/wessadotnet/public_html/freestatisticsdotorg/blog/date/2009/May/07/t1241705919mu74d7qu3xg0sxi/2ddph1241705579.png (open in new window)
http://127.0.0.1/wessadotnet/public_html/freestatisticsdotorg/blog/date/2009/May/07/t1241705919mu74d7qu3xg0sxi/2ddph1241705579.ps (open in new window)


 
Parameters (Session):
 
Parameters (R input):
 
R code (references can be found in the software module):
geomean <- function(x) {
return(exp(mean(log(x))))
}
harmean <- function(x) {
return(1/mean(1/x))
}
quamean <- function(x) {
return(sqrt(mean(x*x)))
}
winmean <- function(x) {
x <-sort(x[!is.na(x)])
n<-length(x)
denom <- 3
nodenom <- n/denom
if (nodenom>40) denom <- n/40
sqrtn = sqrt(n)
roundnodenom = floor(nodenom)
win <- array(NA,dim=c(roundnodenom,2))
for (j in 1:roundnodenom) {
win[j,1] <- (j*x[j+1]+sum(x[(j+1):(n-j)])+j*x[n-j])/n
win[j,2] <- sd(c(rep(x[j+1],j),x[(j+1):(n-j)],rep(x[n-j],j)))/sqrtn
}
return(win)
}
trimean <- function(x) {
x <-sort(x[!is.na(x)])
n<-length(x)
denom <- 3
nodenom <- n/denom
if (nodenom>40) denom <- n/40
sqrtn = sqrt(n)
roundnodenom = floor(nodenom)
tri <- array(NA,dim=c(roundnodenom,2))
for (j in 1:roundnodenom) {
tri[j,1] <- mean(x,trim=j/n)
tri[j,2] <- sd(x[(j+1):(n-j)]) / sqrt(n-j*2)
}
return(tri)
}
midrange <- function(x) {
return((max(x)+min(x))/2)
}
q1 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) {
np <- n*p;
i <<- floor(np)
f <<- np - i
qvalue <- (1-f)*data[i] + f*data[i+1]
}
q2 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) {
np <- (n+1)*p
i <<- floor(np)
f <<- np - i
qvalue <- (1-f)*data[i] + f*data[i+1]
}
q3 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) {
np <- n*p
i <<- floor(np)
f <<- np - i
if (f==0) {
qvalue <- data[i]
} else {
qvalue <- data[i+1]
}
}
q4 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) {
np <- n*p
i <<- floor(np)
f <<- np - i
if (f==0) {
qvalue <- (data[i]+data[i+1])/2
} else {
qvalue <- data[i+1]
}
}
q5 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) {
np <- (n-1)*p
i <<- floor(np)
f <<- np - i
if (f==0) {
qvalue <- data[i+1]
} else {
qvalue <- data[i+1] + f*(data[i+2]-data[i+1])
}
}
q6 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) {
np <- n*p+0.5
i <<- floor(np)
f <<- np - i
qvalue <- data[i]
}
q7 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) {
np <- (n+1)*p
i <<- floor(np)
f <<- np - i
if (f==0) {
qvalue <- data[i]
} else {
qvalue <- f*data[i] + (1-f)*data[i+1]
}
}
q8 <- function(data,n,p,i,f) {
np <- (n+1)*p
i <<- floor(np)
f <<- np - i
if (f==0) {
qvalue <- data[i]
} else {
if (f == 0.5) {
qvalue <- (data[i]+data[i+1])/2
} else {
if (f < 0.5) {
qvalue <- data[i]
} else {
qvalue <- data[i+1]
}
}
}
}
midmean <- function(x,def) {
x <-sort(x[!is.na(x)])
n<-length(x)
if (def==1) {
qvalue1 <- q1(x,n,0.25,i,f)
qvalue3 <- q1(x,n,0.75,i,f)
}
if (def==2) {
qvalue1 <- q2(x,n,0.25,i,f)
qvalue3 <- q2(x,n,0.75,i,f)
}
if (def==3) {
qvalue1 <- q3(x,n,0.25,i,f)
qvalue3 <- q3(x,n,0.75,i,f)
}
if (def==4) {
qvalue1 <- q4(x,n,0.25,i,f)
qvalue3 <- q4(x,n,0.75,i,f)
}
if (def==5) {
qvalue1 <- q5(x,n,0.25,i,f)
qvalue3 <- q5(x,n,0.75,i,f)
}
if (def==6) {
qvalue1 <- q6(x,n,0.25,i,f)
qvalue3 <- q6(x,n,0.75,i,f)
}
if (def==7) {
qvalue1 <- q7(x,n,0.25,i,f)
qvalue3 <- q7(x,n,0.75,i,f)
}
if (def==8) {
qvalue1 <- q8(x,n,0.25,i,f)
qvalue3 <- q8(x,n,0.75,i,f)
}
midm <- 0
myn <- 0
roundno4 <- round(n/4)
round3no4 <- round(3*n/4)
for (i in 1:n) {
if ((x[i]>=qvalue1) & (x[i]<=qvalue3)){
midm = midm + x[i]
myn = myn + 1
}
}
midm = midm / myn
return(midm)
}
(arm <- mean(x))
sqrtn <- sqrt(length(x))
(armse <- sd(x) / sqrtn)
(armose <- arm / armse)
(geo <- geomean(x))
(har <- harmean(x))
(qua <- quamean(x))
(win <- winmean(x))
(tri <- trimean(x))
(midr <- midrange(x))
midm <- array(NA,dim=8)
for (j in 1:8) midm[j] <- midmean(x,j)
midm
bitmap(file='test1.png')
lb <- win[,1] - 2*win[,2]
ub <- win[,1] + 2*win[,2]
if ((ylimmin == '') | (ylimmax == '')) plot(win[,1],type='b',main=main, xlab='j', pch=19, ylab='Winsorized Mean(j/n)', ylim=c(min(lb),max(ub))) else plot(win[,1],type='l',main=main, xlab='j', pch=19, ylab='Winsorized Mean(j/n)', ylim=c(ylimmin,ylimmax))
lines(ub,lty=3)
lines(lb,lty=3)
grid()
dev.off()
bitmap(file='test2.png')
lb <- tri[,1] - 2*tri[,2]
ub <- tri[,1] + 2*tri[,2]
if ((ylimmin == '') | (ylimmax == '')) plot(tri[,1],type='b',main=main, xlab='j', pch=19, ylab='Trimmed Mean(j/n)', ylim=c(min(lb),max(ub))) else plot(tri[,1],type='l',main=main, xlab='j', pch=19, ylab='Trimmed Mean(j/n)', ylim=c(ylimmin,ylimmax))
lines(ub,lty=3)
lines(lb,lty=3)
grid()
dev.off()
load(file='createtable')
a<-table.start()
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,'Central Tendency - Ungrouped Data',4,TRUE)
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,'Measure',header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,'Value',header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,'S.E.',header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,'Value/S.E.',header=TRUE)
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/arithmetic_mean.htm', 'Arithmetic Mean', 'click to view the definition of the Arithmetic Mean'),header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,arm)
a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/arithmetic_mean_standard_error.htm', armse, 'click to view the definition of the Standard Error of the Arithmetic Mean'))
a<-table.element(a,armose)
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/geometric_mean.htm', 'Geometric Mean', 'click to view the definition of the Geometric Mean'),header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,geo)
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/harmonic_mean.htm', 'Harmonic Mean', 'click to view the definition of the Harmonic Mean'),header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,har)
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/quadratic_mean.htm', 'Quadratic Mean', 'click to view the definition of the Quadratic Mean'),header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,qua)
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.row.end(a)
for (j in 1:length(win[,1])) {
a<-table.row.start(a)
mylabel <- paste('Winsorized Mean (',j)
mylabel <- paste(mylabel,'/')
mylabel <- paste(mylabel,length(win[,1]))
mylabel <- paste(mylabel,')')
a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/winsorized_mean.htm', mylabel, 'click to view the definition of the Winsorized Mean'),header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,win[j,1])
a<-table.element(a,win[j,2])
a<-table.element(a,win[j,1]/win[j,2])
a<-table.row.end(a)
}
for (j in 1:length(tri[,1])) {
a<-table.row.start(a)
mylabel <- paste('Trimmed Mean (',j)
mylabel <- paste(mylabel,'/')
mylabel <- paste(mylabel,length(tri[,1]))
mylabel <- paste(mylabel,')')
a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/arithmetic_mean.htm', mylabel, 'click to view the definition of the Trimmed Mean'),header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,tri[j,1])
a<-table.element(a,tri[j,2])
a<-table.element(a,tri[j,1]/tri[j,2])
a<-table.row.end(a)
}
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/median_1.htm', 'Median', 'click to view the definition of the Median'),header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,median(x))
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midrange.htm', 'Midrange', 'click to view the definition of the Midrange'),header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,midr)
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean')
mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_1.htm','Weighted Average at Xnp',''),sep=' - ')
a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,midm[1])
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean')
mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_2.htm','Weighted Average at X(n+1)p',''),sep=' - ')
a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,midm[2])
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean')
mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_3.htm','Empirical Distribution Function',''),sep=' - ')
a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,midm[3])
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean')
mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_4.htm','Empirical Distribution Function - Averaging',''),sep=' - ')
a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,midm[4])
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean')
mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_5.htm','Empirical Distribution Function - Interpolation',''),sep=' - ')
a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,midm[5])
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean')
mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_6.htm','Closest Observation',''),sep=' - ')
a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,midm[6])
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean')
mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_7.htm','True Basic - Statistics Graphics Toolkit',''),sep=' - ')
a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,midm[7])
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
mymid <- hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/midmean.htm', 'Midmean', 'click to view the definition of the Midmean')
mylabel <- paste(mymid,hyperlink('http://www.xycoon.com/method_8.htm','MS Excel (old versions)',''),sep=' - ')
a<-table.element(a,mylabel,header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,midm[8])
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,'Number of observations',header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,length(x))
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.element(a,'')
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.end(a)
table.save(a,file='mytable.tab')
 





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Software written by Ed van Stee & Patrick Wessa


Disclaimer

Information provided on this web site is provided "AS IS" without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including, without limitation, warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, and noninfringement. We use reasonable efforts to include accurate and timely information and periodically update the information, and software without notice. However, we make no warranties or representations as to the accuracy or completeness of such information (or software), and we assume no liability or responsibility for errors or omissions in the content of this web site, or any software bugs in online applications. Your use of this web site is AT YOUR OWN RISK. Under no circumstances and under no legal theory shall we be liable to you or any other person for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, exemplary, or consequential damages arising from your access to, or use of, this web site.


Privacy Policy

We may request personal information to be submitted to our servers in order to be able to:

  • personalize online software applications according to your needs
  • enforce strict security rules with respect to the data that you upload (e.g. statistical data)
  • manage user sessions of online applications
  • alert you about important changes or upgrades in resources or applications

We NEVER allow other companies to directly offer registered users information about their products and services. Banner references and hyperlinks of third parties NEVER contain any personal data of the visitor.

We do NOT sell, nor transmit by any means, personal information, nor statistical data series uploaded by you to third parties.

We carefully protect your data from loss, misuse, alteration, and destruction. However, at any time, and under any circumstance you are solely responsible for managing your passwords, and keeping them secret.

We store a unique ANONYMOUS USER ID in the form of a small 'Cookie' on your computer. This allows us to track your progress when using this website which is necessary to create state-dependent features. The cookie is used for NO OTHER PURPOSE. At any time you may opt to disallow cookies from this website - this will not affect other features of this website.

We examine cookies that are used by third-parties (banner and online ads) very closely: abuse from third-parties automatically results in termination of the advertising contract without refund. We have very good reason to believe that the cookies that are produced by third parties (banner ads) do NOT cause any privacy or security risk.

FreeStatistics.org is safe. There is no need to download any software to use the applications and services contained in this website. Hence, your system's security is not compromised by their use, and your personal data - other than data you submit in the account application form, and the user-agent information that is transmitted by your browser - is never transmitted to our servers.

As a general rule, we do not log on-line behavior of individuals (other than normal logging of webserver 'hits'). However, in cases of abuse, hacking, unauthorized access, Denial of Service attacks, illegal copying, hotlinking, non-compliance with international webstandards (such as robots.txt), or any other harmful behavior, our system engineers are empowered to log, track, identify, publish, and ban misbehaving individuals - even if this leads to ban entire blocks of IP addresses, or disclosing user's identity.


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